Git更新操作

在本文章教程中，我們將演示如何查看 Git 存儲庫的文件和提交文件記錄，並對存儲庫中的文件作修改和提交。

注意：在開始學習本教程之前，先克隆一個存儲庫，有關如何克隆存儲庫，請參考： http://www.yiibai.com/git/git\_clone\_operation.html

執行克隆操作，並得到了一個新的文件：main.py。想知道誰將這個文件修改變提交到存儲庫中，那麼可以執行git log命令，爲了更好的演示，開發人員minsu另外一臺機(Ubuntu Linux)上，使用以下命令克隆 -

yiibai@ubuntu:~$ cd /home/yiibai/git
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$ git clone http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
Cloning into 'sample'...
remote: Counting objects: 15, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (14/14), done.
remote: Total 15 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (15/15), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$

克隆操作將在當前工作目錄中創建一個新的目錄(sample)。 將目錄更改(cd /home/yiibai/git/sample)爲新創建的目錄，並執行git log命令。

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$ cd /home/yiibai/git/sample
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git log
commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800

    add the sum of a & b

commit be24e214620fa072efa877e1967571731c465884
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 18:58:16 2017 +0800

    ？？mark

commit 5eccf92e28eae94ec5fce7c687f6f92bf32a6a8d
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 18:52:06 2017 +0800

    this is main.py file commit mark use -m option

commit 6e5f31067466795c522b01692871f202c26ff948
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 18:42:43 2017 +0800

    this is main.py file commit mark without use "-m" option

commit 290342c270bc90f861ccc3d83afa920169e3b07e
Author: Maxsu <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 16:55:12 2017 +0800

    Initial commit
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$

觀察日誌後，可以看到maxsu添加了文件代碼來實現兩個變量a和b之和，現在假設minsu在文本編輯器中打開main.py，並修改優化代碼。在示兩個變量a和b之和，定義一個函數來實現兩個變量之和。修改後，代碼如下所示：

#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8

a = 10
b = 20

def sum(a, b):
    return (a+b)

c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is  ", c)

使用 git diff 命令查看更改，如下所示 -

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git diff
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index 25eb22b..e84460d 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -7,5 +7,9 @@ print ("Life is short, you need Python !")
 a = 10

 b = 20
-c = a + b
-print("The value of c is  ", c)
\ No newline at end of file
+
+def sum(a, b):
+    return (a+b)
+
+c = sum(a, b)
+print("The value of c is  ", c)
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$

經過測試，代碼沒有問題，提交了上面的更改。

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

        modified:   main.py

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git add main.py
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git commit -m "add a new function sum(a,b)"
[master 01c5462] add a new function sum(a,b)
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$

再次查看提交記錄信息 -

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git log
commit 01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251
Author: minsu <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jul 9 19:01:00 2017 -0700

    add a new function sum(a,b)

commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800

    add the sum of a & b
....

經過上面添加和提交修改後，其它開發人員並不能看到代碼中定義的 sum(a, b) 函數，還需要將這裏提交的本地代碼推送到遠程存儲庫。使用以下命令 -

yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':<你的帳號的密碼>
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 419 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
   51de0f0..01c5462  master -> master
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$

現在，代碼已經成功提交到遠程存儲庫中了，只要其它開發人員使用 git clone 或 git pull 就可以得到這些新提交的代碼了。

下面我們將學習其它一些更爲常用的 git 命令，經過下面的學習，你就可以使用這些基本的git操作命令來文件和代碼管理和協同開發了。

添加新函數

在開發人員B(minsu)修改文件main.py中的代碼的同時，開發人員A(maxsu)在文件main.py中實現兩個變量的乘積函數。 修改後，main.py文件如下所示：

#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8

print ("Life is short, you need Python !")


a = 10

b = 20
c = a + b
print("The value of c is  ", c)

def mul(a, b):
    return (a * b)

現在修改完代碼，運行以下命令 -

$ git diff

得到如下結果 -

現在添加並提交上面的代碼 -

$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

        modified:   main.py

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

$ git add main.py

Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git commit -m "add a mul(a, b) function"
[master e5f8dfa] add a mul(a, b) function
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

現在查看上提交的日誌信息，如下結果 -

$ git log
commit e5f8dfa9e7e89fea8813ab107e14b9b7412df2ae
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Sun Jul 9 23:06:32 2017 +0800

    add a mul(a, b) function

commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date:   Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800

    add the sum of a & b
... ...

好了，現在要將上面的代碼推送到遠程存儲庫，使用以下命令 -

$ git push origin master

執行上面命令，結果如下 -

$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

但Git推送失敗。因爲Git確定遠程存儲庫和本地存儲庫不同步。爲什麼呢？因爲在向文件main.py添加以下代碼片段時 -

def mul(a, b):
    return (a * b)

另外一個開發人員B已經向遠程存儲庫推送修改的代碼，所以這裏在向遠程存儲庫推送代碼時，發現上面的新的推送代碼，現在這個要推送的代碼與遠程存儲庫中的代碼不一致，如果強行推送上去，Git不知道應該以誰的爲準了。

所以，必須先更新本地存儲庫，只有在經過此步驟之後，才能推送自己的改變。

獲取最新更改

執行git pull命令以將其本地存儲庫與遠程存儲庫同步。

$ git pull
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample
   51de0f0..01c5462  master     -> origin/master
Auto-merging main.py
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in main.py
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

現在打開 main.py 內容如下 -

#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8

print ("Life is short, you need Python !")


a = 10

b = 20
<<<<<<< HEAD
c = a + b
print("The value of c is  ", c)

def mul(a, b):
    return (a * b)
=======

def sum(a, b):
    return (a+b)

c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is  ", c)
>>>>>>> 01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251

拉取操作後，檢查日誌消息，並發現其它開發人員的提交的詳細信息，提交ID爲：01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251

打開 main.py 文件，修改其中的代碼，修改完成後保文件，文件的代碼如下所示 -

#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8

print ("Life is short, you need Python !")

a = 10
b = 20

c = a + b
print("The value of c is  ", c)

def mul(a, b):
    return (a * b)

def sum(a, b):
    return (a+b)

c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is  ", c)

再次添加提交，最後推送，如下命令 -

$ git add main.py

Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master|MERGING)
$ git commit -m "synchronized with the remote repository "
[master ef07ab5] synchronized with the remote repository

Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

nothing to commit, working directory clean

Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':
Counting objects: 10, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 657 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
   01c5462..ef07ab5  master -> master

現在，一個新的代碼又提交併推送到遠程存儲庫中了。